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外刊精读 | 考研英语素材:为什么只有人类会得阿尔茨海默病

  • 2026-11-04 22:28:55
外刊精读 | 考研英语素材:为什么只有人类会得阿尔茨海默病
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一、背景速览

猿类几乎不得阿尔茨海默病,人却独有,这件事一直没有像样的解释。神经科医生 Adina Wise 在《大西洋月刊》上梳理了近年的比较研究,给出的答案是:让我们变聪明的那些改变,顺手埋下了生病的种子。证据链一层层递进。人脑基因的活跃度远高于其他灵长类;阿尔茨海默病脑中近 300 个活跃度异常的基因,恰恰是人脑快速演化中变化最剧烈的那批;顶叶和楔前叶在人脑里扩张最大,也最先受疾病攻击,因为它们耗能大、供血薄、髓鞘脆。耶鲁大学的实验补上机制一环:支撑工作记忆的钙调节,物种越接近人类越复杂,也越容易失控,诱发 tau 蛋白聚集。直立行走换来腰椎间盘突出,骨盆变窄换来难产,这些进化代价我们都认了;轮到思考的器官,接受起来就难了。这套解释眼下仍是假说,针对钙失调的药物正在研发。

二、英文节选

Apes don't develop Alzheimer's—at least, not like we do. Although we share a hefty amount of our DNA with our closest primate relatives, humans are uniquely at risk of developing the disease that can erode our sense of who we are.

"It is like putting the engine of a Ferrari into a Fiat 500," Bruner said. "That small car will go really fast, but it's going to get hot. And braking will be an issue."

Arnsten has shown that this apparatus, as well as the damage it 

when it breaks down, increases in lockstep with hominid evolution. Marmosets have the least of it. Macaques more. Chimpanzees, more still. Humans, by far, the most. "The closer to human," Arnsten said, "the more the Alzheimer's pathology."

三、中文译文

猿类不会得阿尔茨海默病,至少不会像我们这样。我们与最近的灵长类亲戚共享大量 DNA,但唯独人类面临这种疾病的风险,它会一点点侵蚀我们对「我是谁」的感知。

「这就像把法拉利的引擎装进一辆菲亚特 500,」布鲁纳说,「小车确实能跑得飞快,但它会过热,刹车也会出问题。」

阿恩斯滕证明,这套装置连同它失灵时造成的损伤,与人类演化同步递增。狨猴最少,猕猴多些,黑猩猩还要多,人类遥遥领先。「越接近人类,」她说,「阿尔茨海默病的病理改变就越多。」

四、高频词短语

【hallmark】 /ˈhɔːlmɑːk/ n. 标志性特征

例句:Amyloid plaques are a hallmark of Alzheimer's disease.

译:淀粉样斑块是阿尔茨海默病的标志性特征。

【susceptibility】 /səˌseptəˈbɪləti/ n. 易感性

例句:Rapid brain growth may raise our susceptibility to the disease.

译:脑部的快速生长可能提高了我们对这种疾病的易感性。

【implicate】 /ˈɪmplɪkeɪt/ v. 牵涉,使牵连

例句:The parietal lobes are implicated in the disease's earliest stages.

译:顶叶在疾病最早期就已被牵涉其中。

【precarious】 /prɪˈkeəriəs/ a. 不稳固的,岌岌可危的

例句:The region doing the hardest cognitive work has precarious infrastructure.

译:承担最重认知工作的区域,基础设施却最不牢靠。

【trade-off】 /ˈtreɪdɒf/ n. 权衡,交换

例句:Walking upright was a trade-off that cost us our spines.

译:直立行走是一笔交换,代价落在了腰椎上。

五、长难句速拆

原句:Essentially, Bruner and Jacobs reasoned, because of the rapid and imperfect reorganization that the parietal lobes underwent during human evolution, the region doing much of the brain's hardest cognitive work has some of the most precarious infrastructure.

先把插进来的 Bruner and Jacobs reasoned 拿掉,骨架就露出来了:the region has some of the most precarious infrastructure。because of 短语交代原因,里面又套一层 that 从句修饰 reorganization;主语 the region 后面挂着 doing 分词短语,说明它承担着大脑最难的那部分认知工作。真正的戏在句末:hardest cognitive work 对 most precarious infrastructure,两个最高级一升一降,全段论点就压在这组对照上。

六、考场应用

考研阅读·让步与立场:Although competing theories exist, Arnsten and others consider this persistent firing to be the cellular foundation of working memory. 让步状语从句先把「还有别的说法」摆出来,立场落在主句。题干若说「工作记忆的细胞基础已无争议」,按原文应判 FALSE。

考研翻译·插入语的位置:Essentially, Bruner and Jacobs reasoned, because of... 夹在中间的 Bruner and Jacobs reasoned 是插入语,中文别硬塞回句中,拆出来放到句首,作「在布鲁纳和雅各布斯的推断里」,后面再接原因与结论。

雅思写作·Task 2:trade-off 论证可直接搬。原文用三个例子撑起「进步的代价」:直立行走换来腰椎间盘突出,骨盆变窄换来难产,大脑变大换来阿尔茨海默病。写「进步是否值得付出代价」这类题,照搬「例子、共同模式、一句立场」的顺序即可。

试译:These "delay cells" depend on calcium to keep them active, but as we age and the cells' system falters, calcium can rise to harmful levels, triggering a chain reaction that can cause tau proteins to clump.

这句你打算怎么翻?提示:falters 不是「失败」,是「变得不稳」;triggering 引出的那串结果,别译成 calcium 的定语。

七、来源

来源:The Atlantic(Adina Wise)| 2026 年 10 月

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  137. /www/wwwroot/d.sjds.net/vendor/topthink/think-template/src/template/driver/File.php ( 2.41 KB )
  138. /www/wwwroot/d.sjds.net/vendor/topthink/think-template/src/template/contract/DriverInterface.php ( 0.86 KB )
  139. /www/wwwroot/d.sjds.net/runtime/temp/a298b44dbd617feaf616ad402d0d9144.php ( 8.05 KB )
  140. /www/wwwroot/d.sjds.net/vendor/topthink/think-trace/src/Html.php ( 4.42 KB )
  1. CONNECT:[ UseTime:0.000608s ] mysql:host=172.18.0.4;port=3306;dbname=d_sjds;charset=utf8mb4
  2. SHOW FULL COLUMNS FROM `fenlei` [ RunTime:0.000775s ]
  3. SELECT * FROM `fenlei` WHERE `fid` = 0 [ RunTime:0.000401s ]
  4. SELECT * FROM `fenlei` WHERE `fid` = 63 [ RunTime:0.000302s ]
  5. SHOW FULL COLUMNS FROM `set` [ RunTime:0.000521s ]
  6. SELECT * FROM `set` [ RunTime:0.000277s ]
  7. SHOW FULL COLUMNS FROM `article` [ RunTime:0.000614s ]
  8. SELECT * FROM `article` WHERE `id` = 466266 LIMIT 1 [ RunTime:0.000358s ]
  9. UPDATE `article` SET `lasttime` = 1793809695 WHERE `id` = 466266 [ RunTime:0.001189s ]
  10. SELECT * FROM `fenlei` WHERE `id` = 65 LIMIT 1 [ RunTime:0.000348s ]
  11. SELECT * FROM `article` WHERE `id` < 466266 ORDER BY `id` DESC LIMIT 1 [ RunTime:0.000402s ]
  12. SELECT * FROM `article` WHERE `id` > 466266 ORDER BY `id` ASC LIMIT 1 [ RunTime:0.000407s ]
  13. SELECT * FROM `article` WHERE `id` < 466266 ORDER BY `id` DESC LIMIT 10 [ RunTime:0.000629s ]
  14. SELECT * FROM `article` WHERE `id` < 466266 ORDER BY `id` DESC LIMIT 10,10 [ RunTime:0.000753s ]
  15. SELECT * FROM `article` WHERE `id` < 466266 ORDER BY `id` DESC LIMIT 20,10 [ RunTime:0.000727s ]
0.088884s